Research Paper on Child Behavior

Child Behavior As It Ages Michael Larson English Composition II Ensley Laruth 10/30/2012 Child Behavior As It Ages Many people have studied the effect of academic achievement and later career success. The focus of this paper will be on the work of Greg Duncan of Northwestern University and L Rowell Huesmann of the University of Michigan. These findings can help parents, teachers and behavioral scientists help disruptive students. The study shows that the way children act at a young age will reflect later in life and interfere with their ability to learn. I will also be using information found in five other sources throughout this paper.These sources include information on attachment issues in psychopathology and intervention, history of childhood behavior problems in biological relatives of boys with attention-deficit hyperactive disorder and conduct disorder and BPA tied to behavior problems within girls just to name a few (Atkinson, 2004). Childhood behavior has been slowly deterio rating over the past 28 years since I was a toddler. Growing up in the 80s it was socially acceptable to spank your child and children were taught to respect elders. Now children are oblivious to the respect that parents deserve and everything centers on their own needs.Throughout this paper many things have been explored such as: attachment issues in psychology, history of childhood behavior problems in biological relatives of boys with ADHD and conduct disorder, dealing with disrespect in your teenager, the seven keys to child obedience and how children’s bad behavior gives insight to academic achievements. New Research Suggest â€Å"New research suggests that children entering school with behavior problems, as a rule, can keep pace with classroom learning, but persistent behavior problems can be a strong indicator of how well these students adapt to the work world† (Duncan & Huesmann, 2007  ¶2).With this being said there are two separate studies resulting in t wo separate results when researching kindergartners and younger children compared to adolescents and 8th graders. â€Å"One study examined data from six large-scale studies of almost 36,000 preschoolers in which the same subjects were observed repeatedly over time. The research included two national studies of U. S. children, two multi-site studies of U. S. children, one study of children from Great Britain and one study of children from Canada† (Duncan & Huesmann, 2007  ¶2).There was various research techniques used in finding the results from all of the different studies. â€Å"Surprisingly, difficulty getting along with classmates, aggressive or disruptive behaviors, and sad or withdrawn behaviors in kindergarten did not detract from academic achievement in childhood and early adolescence† (Duncan & Huesmann, 2007  ¶3). There were several indicators studied, including picking fights, interrupting the teacher and defying instructions. Kindergartners that were involved in these acts did surprisingly well in 5th grade math and English, while keeping pace with well behaved children. Another CAPCA study, which examined older children, found such a connection. According to CAPCA investigator Rowell Huesmann, persistent behavior problems in eight-year-olds are a powerful predictor of educational attainment and of how well people will do in middle age† (Duncan & Huesmann, 2007  ¶3). Childhood behavior has been slowly deteriorating over the past 28 years since I was a toddler. Growing up in the 80s it was socially acceptable to spank your child and children were taught to respect elders. Now children are oblivious to the respect that parents deserve and everything centers on their own needs.Children of the current generation are losing the respect and behavior that was drilled into people of past generations. The purpose of this paper is to explain the importance of today’s society to increase awareness on the development of our children’s behavior and also to explain why harsh punishment can get children on track. The intended audience of this paper is current parents and expecting parents. The secondary audience will be future parents of our generation. I will be the voice of parents of our generation and future parents. Dealing With Disrespect In Your TeenagerDisrespect can start small and turn into something much more serious if not tended to. It can become the way the child relates to family and friends; it can even be passed from generation to generation. Most parents do not stop this behavior for fear that it will effect the parent child relationship when they may actually be effecting the way the child relates to people in the future. â€Å"As any parent of a 13-year old  knows, disrespect can be displayed by the roll of their eyes, an arrogant attitude, a sideways look, a turned back, cutting or barbed comments, sarcasm, pouting, or raging.And nowadays, it can include popping in t he iPod ear buds, texting on the cell phone or playing the video game instead listening to a parent† (Gregston, 2010,  ¶ 2). There is no hiding the sting of disrespect when your child shows signs of it and there is no need to point it out to the child because they know exactly what they were doing. The Seven Keys To Child Obedience Learning obedience is an important part of early child development. Obedience is the main tool parents use to train their children.Through obedience your child will use things he or she needs later in adulthood that force obedience upon a child will soon create resentment within their children, which will eventually lead to rebellion. According to Hareyan (2005), â€Å"Although you can punish a child for not obeying, this will not foster any long-term obedience. When the child reaches his teen years and becomes more independent, punishment will only serve to destroy the already faltering parent child relationship†(Hareyan, 2005,  ¶ 2). Th ere are seven steps to getting your child to want to obey you.These steps according to the author are, â€Å" loving concern for the child, sincere respect for the child, patients, speak softly, make moderate demands, follow through and be free with yes but not with no† (Hareyan, 2005,  ¶ 3). History of Childhood Behavior Problems in Biological Relatives â€Å"Frick assessed the history of childhood behavior problems in the biological relatives of over 100 outpatient boys aged 7 to 12 years with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or conduct disorder (CD)† (Frick P, 1991 p1). Frick did this in order to see if these two disorders were something that is hereditary and passed down from relatives. The mothers, fathers, and other biological relatives of children with ADHD were significantly more likely to have a history of childhood ADHD but not problems of antisocial behavior or substance use in their childhood† (Frick P, 1991 pg1). ADHD is something th at can be passed on through relatives but substance use or abuse was not a result of relatives having ADHD. This does not mean there will not be substance use but the study shows that it is not a result of family ADHD. â€Å"Attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity was similarly associated with a family history of ADHD†. On the other hand fathers of children with CD were more likely to have a history of CD and substance abuse, these results didn’t seem to change with the difference in race or social status. These results provide support for the independence of ADHD and CD being a clinical syndrome and not something inherited† (Frick P, 1991 p1). Attachment Issues In Psychopathology The report conducted by Atkinson and Goldberg report reviews and compares empirical findings on attachment and childhood behavior problems in normal, at-risk, and clinical studies.The report concludes that as we move along a continuous risk to clear diagnosis, the likel ihood of attachment decreases and the likelihood of controlling, disorganized, and insecure attachment increase. Because these are normally rare patterns and, in the case of the disorganized and insecure-other categories, not clearly defined strategies, this is consistent with the notion that clinic samples include attachment patterns that fall outside of the established schemes.Further differentiation within these categories based on clinic samples may prove to be more useful than are the normatively derived classification schemes in linking attachment and psychopathology (Atkinson, 2004). Conclusion Throughout this paper many things have been explored such as: attachment issues in psychology, history of childhood behavior problems in biological relatives of boys with ADHD and conduct disorder, dealing with disrespect in your teenager, the seven keys to child obedience and how children’s bad behavior gives insight to academic achievements.With this information parents may ha ve learned some new information about Attention-Deficit Hyperactive Disorder and Conduct Disorder, new ways to handle obedience with your children or the lack of obedience and the seven keys to child obedience. With this information childhood obedience can be improved throughout the world.Reference Atkinson L. & Goldberg S. (2004). Attachment Issues In Psychopathology And Intervention. Duncan, G. , & Huesmann, L. R. (2007, November 26). Children's bad behavior gives insights to academic achievement and later career success. Retrieved from: https://www. nsf. gov/news/news_summ. jsp? rg=NSF;amp;cntn_id=110709;amp;preview=false Frick P. ;amp; Lahey B. ;amp; Christ MA. ;amp; Loeber R. ;amp; Green S. (1991). History of Childhood Behavior Problems in Biological Relatives of Boys With Attention-Deficit Hyperactive Disorder And Conduct Disorder. Gregston M. (2010) Dealing With Disrespect In Your Teenager. Parenting Todays Teen. Retrieved from: file:///Users/michaellarson/Documents/e nglish%20comp%20II/Parent%20Tips%20from%20Mark%20Gregston%20 »%20Dealing%20With%20Disrespect%20In%20Your%20Teenager. webarchive Hareyan A. (2005) The Seven Keys To Child Obedience. EmaxHealth. retrieved from: http://www. emaxhealth. com/20/1788. html

Remember the Titans Essay

In â€Å"Remember the Titans† there are at least a series of ten or more conflicts, whether they are physical, mental, interpersonal, or even just random violence. there are groups of whites on one side and blacks on another side, having an interpersonal conflict about the school becoming integrated. A white boy gets an attack of random violence and he is killed, causing a group of white football players, deciding split second, create an assailant against a group of black people; thinking that if some blacks decide to do random violence on a white person that it is ok for them to create an act of aggravated assault on the blacks. As football camp comes rolling around, many of the whites still separate themselves from the blacks and vice versa. Coach Boone steps in to be a mediator and to have many of the kids converse with each other so they can learn tolerance with each other, causing less want for homicide. This causes any other conflicts to not escalate and then everyone is heard out on what they want to say or have to say. There is a conflict of authority between Coaches Yoast and Boone. Then there is a budding friendship between Bertier and Julius, and then the team in general uniting together regardless of color. The successful, almost-hall-of-famer, white coach, Bill Yoast is suddenly replaced by a no-crap-taking black coach, Herman Boone. At first there is a power struggle between Coach Boone and Coach Yoast, Coach Boone wants to run things his way and Coach Yoast wants to keep different things the way they were. They soon begin to level with each other and work together as a unit which is good for the team. In the beginning of the film Bertier was like the leader of the white boys of his team and Julius is seemingly the head of the black kids. When they arrive to football camp, the first day they fight. Julius doesn’t like the way Bertier leads the team as a captain and he decides that he is going to look out for himself, when Bertier brings up the fact this attitude is not good for the team Julius questions him as to why he is letting the black kds do the brunt of the work. Bertier realizes that Julius is right and then starts to change first off by correcting his white best friend’s blocking. Thus begins their friendship. When they get back from the camp they face problems in school from being friends. When Julius helps bertier stop a fight he gets called an â€Å"Uncle Tom†. When Bertier turnd down his girlfriend to go hang out with Julius she tells him that he needs to get his priorites straight. But through all this they remain best friends.

Suicide And Suicidal Behaviours Health And Social Care Essay

AbstractionSuicide is a major cause of mortality worldwide. It is a human calamity that accounts for an estimated one million deceases yearly. This translates to at least one decease ensuing from self-destruction every 40 seconds. The magnitude of the job is farther compounded by the fact that the incidence of attempted self-destruction is about 25 times more than that of completed self-destruction. Every act of suicide impacts on at least six other persons. Suicide rates have increased by approximately 60 % over the last 45 old ages, therefore representing a major public wellness load. These rates are grossly underreported globally and many developing states, including Nigeria, do non hold meaningful records of deceases and their causes. There is dearth of information as respects the incidence of self-destruction and self-destructive behavior in Nigeria, with the exclusion of a few recent surveies. A systematic online reappraisal of published literature on self-destruction and self- destructive behavior in Nigeria was conducted and relevant articles reviewed. This article chronicles the development of research on self-destruction and self-destructive behavior in Nigeria, from isolated studies in the 1960s to more recent, large-scale epidemiological studies in the last decennary. It farther high spots the demand for an efficient system of wellness records with efficient certification of deceases and their causes, and a alteration in the state ‘s statute law with regard to suicide and suicidal behaviors.WritersDr. J. O. AbdulmalikConsultant Psychiatrist, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.Dr. O.O. Ayinde,Senior Registrar, Department of Psychiatry, University College Hospital, Ibadan.Alabi Omolabake OluwadamilolaConcluding Year Medical Student, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.Alabi Adeleke Ifeoluwa,Concluding Year Medical Student, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. All correspondence to: jfutprints @ yahoo.com, labek125 @ yahoo.comIntroductionMental, neurological and substance usage upsets make a significant part to the planetary load of disease ( GBD ) , which is estimated with the disability-adjusted life old ages ( DALY ) metric, assigned to each disease/disorder. The DALY is the amount of two composite steps: the old ages lived with disablement ( YLD ) and the old ages of life lost ( YLL ) due to a specified disease within the entire population. Suicide accounted for 1.8 % of the entire disease load as at 1998, but is projected to lift to 2.4 % by the twelvemonth 2020. [ 1 ] Mental and behavioral upsets are common, and will impact one in every four individuals at some clip during their lives. [ 2 ] The World Health Organization ( WHO ) defines suicide as ‘the act of killing oneself, intentionally initiated and performed by the individual concerned in the full cognition or outlook of its fatal result ‘ . [ 3 ] While several definitions exist, suicide merely means the knowing act of stoping one ‘s ain life. Suicide is the 3rd prima cause of decease among immature people, aged 15 to 44 old ages, and ranks second for striplings between ages 15 and 19 old ages old. [ 4 ] These studies have prompted the WHO to go smartly involved in runing to convey the public wellness load and impact of self-destruction to the attending of authoritiess, policymakers and the populace through the bite and airing of statistics, and the development of preventative plans. It is estimated that globally, about one million deceases occur from self-destruction every twelvemonth ; which approximately translates to one self-destruction decease every 40 seconds. The incidence of attempted self-destruction is 25 times more common than completed self-destruction. It is besides the most of import cause of violent decease worldwide, accounting for 49 % of all instances. Other major subscribers to violent deceases worldwide include homicide ( 32 % ) ; with struggles and wars doing up the staying 19 % . It should be borne in head that the act of perpetrating self-destruction, is neither a disease nor a pathological status ; but mental upsets are often found to be associated with it, particularly depression. [ 5 ] Beyond numbering the Numberss of self-destruction and suicidal efforts nevertheless, is the frequently undiscovered psychological load from feelings of guilt, sorrow and torment, which is frequently experienced by the household members and close associates of persons who commit self-destruction. Every act of self-destruction, affects averagely six other people, at the really minimal. [ 5 ] This impact becomes amplified, when a self-destruction occurs in a public state of affairs, such as in a school or work environment. Non-fatal suicidal ideas and behaviors normally precede successful suicide Acts of the Apostless and should be seen as of import calls for aid and intercession, when they occur. They may be classified into three classs: Suicidal ideation, which refers to ideas of prosecuting in behaviour, aimed at stoping one ‘s life. Suicidal program, which refers to the preparation of a specific method and readyings towards stoping his ain life. Suicidal effort, which refers to engagement in potentially self-injurious behavior with some grade of uttered purpose to decease.EtiologyThe undermentioned factors have been found to be associated with self-destruction. [ 6 ] Sociable: These include factors such as the absence of meaningful household ties or societal interactions which could ensue in egocentric self-destruction. Alienation or a interruption in the relationship between an person and the society due to societal or economic diverseness may ensue in alienated self-destruction ; while inordinate integrating and submergence into a given society may take to selfless self-destruction, supposedly for the greater good of that society. Psychological: This includes aggression and ill will turned inward against the ego, as stated by Sigmund Freud ; overpowering feelings of hopelessness as suggested by Aaron Beck ; and cognitive bottleneck of picks as observed by Edward Scheidman among persons with self-destructive inclinations. Biological: Self-destructive behaviors have been linked with lessened degrees of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the cardinal nervous system. Post mortem findings besides indicate low degrees of 5-hydroxytryptamine and some non-specific alterations in the noradrenergic system of self-destruction victims. Familial: Suicidal behaviours may run in households. A positive household history of self-destruction increases the hazard both for attempted and completed self-destruction. Medical: Chronic and enfeebling physical unwellnesss may increase the hazard for self-destruction. Mental upsets besides belong to this class and represent the most of import associated factors in self-destruction. Examples include depression ( associated with over 90 % of instances ) , intoxicant maltreatment, personality upsets, and schizophrenic disorder. Completed self-destruction is more common in males ; nevertheless suicide efforts and consider self-harm ( DSH ) are commoner among females and include Acts of the Apostless of toxic condition, cutting, and firing. Suicide is barely of all time the effect of a individual ground, but may instead result as a consequence of a multiple factors moving in concert to convey about such an act. These hazard factors have been classified into single, socio-cultural and situational factors, as depicted in Table 1. [ 1 ] Table 1: Hazard factors for suicidea? °IndividualSocio-culturalSituationalMental upset Stigmatization of health-seeking behaviour Fiscal troubles Alcohol or drug maltreatment Lack of entree to healthcare services, including mental wellness Social losingss and dislocation of important emotional relationships Hopelessness Cultural and spiritual beliefs lauding self-destruction as a baronial mercantile establishment in the face of personal troubles Ready entree to lethal agencies Previous self-destruction effort Exposure to suicidal behaviours, through the media and the influence of others who have died by self-destruction Nerve-racking life events Isolation and deficiency of societal support Aggressive inclinations Impulsivity History of injury or maltreatment Acute emotional hurt Major physical or chronic unwellnesss Family history of self-destruction a? °Modified from the WHO publication, â€Å" Public wellness action for the bar of self-destruction: a model, WHO ; 2012 † .GLOBAL SITUATION AND TRENDSSuicide rates have increased by 60 % worldwide, in the last 45 old ages, with an estimated planetary incidence rate of 16 per 100,000. [ 7 ] This tendency is happening despite the betterments in the acknowledgment and direction of depression and other mental upsets, and the increased handiness of newer medicines with better and more tolerable side effects. The incidence of self-destruction is normally reported as a rate per 100,000 on a state footing. States such as Sri Lanka, Lithuania, Russia and Belarus which record 30 or more deceases per 100,000 are classified as high rate states. States with Numberss runing from 10 to 29 per 100,000 such as Japan, Hungary, and China have in-between rates ; while those states with fewer than 10 suicide deceases per 100,000 ( e.g. Syria, Jamaica, Egypt ) are classified as low rate states. [ 7 ] However, these rates may really be misdirecting as they do non convey the true extent of the job. For illustration, China has a suicide rate of about 25/100,000, which places it in the in-between scope but it accounts for the largest figure of human deceases from self-destruction yearly, with 287,000 reported suicide deceases ; therefore accounting for about a 3rd of the planetary mortality from self-destruction in a twelvemonth. [ 8 ] Similarly, India ‘s rate of 10/100,000 topographic points it marginally in front of states with low rates, but India is 2nd to China in the figure of suicide deceases recorded per twelvemonth, with reported figures of about 110,000 suicide deceases. [ 9 ] Khan, illustrated the deceptive nature of trusting wholly on these rates, without seting them in the larger context of the state ‘s population. He utilized comparative analysis utilizing the available figures, and showed that four states with high self-destruction rates: Lithuania, Russia, Estonia and Latvia have a combined entire figure of suicide deceases that is less than the entire figure of suicide deceases from India entirely, which is hardly above a low rate state. [ 10 ] Unfortunately, similar country-wide informations is non uniformly available across the Earth. Indeed, several states, including Nigeria, do non routinely cod decease records and have no describing systems to document the causes of decease. These non-reporting states exceed 50, and include states with populations totaling over 100 million people such as Indonesia, Pakistan and Bangladesh. [ 11 ] There is a dearth of research on self-destruction from developing states. Very small is known about self-destructions in many African states, including Nigeria. [ 12 ] Mental unwellness is seldom mentioned or is implicated in merely a little figure of self-destructions. The bulk of available studies in developing states are based on hospital necropsy studies or constabularies informations, neither of which would normally document psychological factors involved in self-destructions. Suicide is no longer a condemnable offense in any developed state but continues to be criminalized in many developing states, including Nigeria. Religious and societal factors besides continue to act upon the diagnosing and registering of self-destructions. Families do non unwrap the true nature of the act, for fright of torment by constabulary and the attendant societal stigma that would accrue from such revelations. Alternatively they are more likely to declare the decease an accident or in some instances, a homicide. [ 13 ]THE NIGERIAN CONTEXTThere is dearth of information about the epidemiology of self-destruction in Nigeria. Suicides are by and large reported to be rare in less developed states. This is partially attributable to the routinely hapless records of decease and its causes. In a survey that evaluated medical examiners ‘ studies over a four-year period ( 1957-60 ) in the Western Region ( now broken down into several provinces ) of Nigeria, Asuni concluded that the self-destruction rate in Western Nigeria was really low. He reported higher rates of self-destruction in the rural countries compared to urban parts. [ 14 ] Some of import hospital-based surveies have besides provided utile penetration into this job. A reappraisal of reported instances of attempted self-destruction from the three largest infirmaries in Benin City ( Specialist, Uselu Psychiatric Hospital and the University Teaching Hospital ) indicated that the incidence had non increased over the four-year period crossing 1978 to 1981, during which the norm petroleum suicide effort rate was 7 per 100,000. The commonest age group was among adolescents aged 15-19 old ages ( 39.4 % ) , while about nine out of 10 triers ( 87 % ) were aged 30 old ages and below. The most of import predisposing factors reported were mental unwellness ( 32 % ) and parental struggle ( 24 % ) . There was no important gender difference. [ 15 ] In a six-month prospective survey of 39 instances of deliberate ego injury reported in the three major infirmaries in Ibadan, Nigeria ; Odejide et al. , found that about eight in 10 ( 76.9 % ) were under the age of 30 old ages ; and merely over half ( 51.3 % ) were pupils, while 25.6 % were manual workers. The commonest methods used were consumption of chemicals and psychotropic drugs. [ 16 ] Nwosu and Odesanmi, in a survey carried out in the Teaching Hospital, Ile-Ife, Nigeria, that was based on medico-legal necropsy studies, reported the self-destruction rate as 0.4 per 100,000 populations, with about four times as many males perpetrating self-destruction when compared to females ( ratio of 3.6:1 ) . The bulk of the self-destructions were committed by the consumption of Gammalin 20 and usage of the local Dane gun. [ 17 ] Large-scale epidemiological surveies have been late conducted among grownups. A nationally representative epidemiological survey, covering 21 out of the 36 provinces in Nigeria was conducted by Gureje et al. , among 6752 grownups, to measure for self-destruction related results, and their association with mental upsets and a history of childhood hardship. They reported prevalence of self-destructive ideation, program and efforts were 3.2 % , 1 % and 0.7 % severally. The presence of mental upsets, particularly temper jobs significantly correlated with suicide results, while a history of early childhood hardship was identified as a hazard factor for life-time self-destruction effort. [ 18 ] Uwakwe and Gureje besides examined the relationship between comorbid mental and substance usage upsets with self-destructive behaviors in the Nigerian study of mental wellness and wellbeing. They found that individuals with lifetime self-destruction efforts were more likely than those without efforts to hold experienced lifetime DSM-IV upsets. Lifetime triers were besides more likely to hold comorbid conditions. Eleven per centum of individuals with a lifetime history of self-destructive effort had three or more co-occurring upsets, as compared with merely 0.4 % of individuals with no history of life-time efforts. Controling for the effects of comorbid conditions suggests that while temper upsets may be independently associated with self-destructive results, comorbidity partially explains the association of anxiousness upsets and about to the full histories for the association of substance usage upsets with self-destructive results. The writers hence concluded that comorbidity is an of import factor in the association of mental and substance usage upsets with self-destructive behaviour in this environment. [ 19 ] Furthermore, Oladeji and Gureje, besides established a relationship between parental mental upsets and suicidal behavior in their progeny. The presence of panic upset and substance maltreatment in the parents were found to be associated with self-destructive ideation in the progeny, but merely parental panic upset was found to be related to suicidal efforts. The suggestion therefore, is that upsets of anxiousness and impulse control may play some function in the ascertained form of familial suicidal behaviors in their progeny. [ 20 ] Large graduated table surveies have besides been conducted among immature people in Nigeria. Omigbodun et al. , conducted a survey to set up the prevalence and associated psychosocial correlatives of self-destructive ideation and efforts among immature Nigerians, which revealed that, of the 1,429 young persons who were assessed, over 20 % reported self-destructive ideation and about 12 % reported that they had attempted suicide in the preceding twelvemonth. The survey reported the rates of both self-destructive ideation and efforts as care towards the upper bounds of acceptable rates for young persons. [ 21 ] The 2nd survey evaluated the presentation and psychosocial issues associated with preadolescent suicidal attempts utilizing the ‘hanging ‘ method in Nigeria, and reported the being of the undermentioned mental wellness jobs: depression, behavior jobs, oppositional defiant upset and impulse control jobs. Other factors found to be associated with these self-destructive behavior included nerve-racking life events such as household break, physical maltreatment, and strong-arming at school. [ 22 ] The form of attempted self-destruction in the Nigerian military context has besides been studied by Okulate. He described the features of patients who attempted self-destruction and examined the differences between the self-destruction triers and a group of non-suicidal, affectional upset patients at the Department of Psychiatry, Military Hospital, Yaba, Nigeria. The survey revealed that self-destructive effort patients constituted 0.37 % of all admittances during a five-year period, and 60.8 % of them were under the age of 30 old ages. The Numberss of male and female patients were about the same. Depression and acute emphasis reaction were the normally associated diagnosings. While military dependants often ingested substances in their self-destruction efforts, military forces used more violent methods such as hanging and self-stabbing, but none used pieces. Compared with non self-destructive patients, suicide triers were more likely to be single and to hold a household history of m ental upset. [ 23 ] The highest hazards for passage from self-destructive ideation to planning, and from be aftering to attempted self-destruction normally occurs within the first twelvemonth of holding either the ideation or program. Other hazard factors for a life-time self-destructive effort include dysfunctional household backgrounds ; such as drawn-out separation from biological parents, high degrees of domestic struggles, childhood hardship, physical maltreatment and being nurtured by a adult female with a history of depression, anxiousness or self-destructive effort. [ 18 ] Refering the hazard and methods of suicide employed in Nigeria, new forms appear to hold emerged. HIV/AIDS has emerged as an extra hazard of self-destruction. [ 24,25 ] Other emerging hazards include the cyberspace and societal media every bit good as terrorist act and self-destruction bombardment which though foreigner to Nigerian society, appears to hold come to remain. Burning with kerosene [ 26 ] , cutting one ‘s pharynx [ 27 ] and bring downing perforating abdominal stab hurt on oneself [ 25 ] are besides new but upseting methods of trying and finishing self-destruction in Nigeria.Prevention STRATEGIESSuicide bar is having increased attending in many developed states, but remains mostly ignored in developing states like Nigeria. There are no easy solutions to the job of self-destruction in developing states, given the serious deficiency of resources and low precedence given to mental wellness. There is besides the extra job of limited research on self-destruction in develo ping states, doing it imperative to trust on bar schemes that have been proven to work elsewhere but non in developing states. Furthermore, due to the unfavorable attitude towards self-destruction and mental unwellness, every bit good as the punitory legal demands for self-destructive behavior, self-destruction continues to be under reported in developing states, doing it hard to carry on research or develop and prove bar schemes. The World Health Organization has identified suicide as an progressively of import country of public wellness and has issued guidelines to member provinces in order to develop and implement coordinated and comprehensive national and international schemes. It has besides included self-destruction as one of the nine precedence conditions in the late launched mhGAP Intervention manual for scaling up services for mental and neurological conditions globally. The mhGAP manual is designed to function as a preparation manual for non-specialists in the designation and proviso of intercession for precedence mental wellness conditions, as a manner of cut downing the immense intervention spread in several parts of the universe. [ 28 ] There is grounds for the effectivity of two major schemes for forestalling self-destruction. [ 29 ] These include limitation of entree to lethal agencies and developing programmes for primary attention physicians to heighten early acknowledgment and intervention of depression with or without self-destructive ideation. Both attacks should be utile in our scene, but the latter attack to heighten the ability of general practicians, primary wellness attention workers and all other cells of wellness professionals to acknowledge and offer intercessions for depressive upsets is of important importance. Suicidal behaviors are besides strongly associated with the presence of mental upsets. In a underdeveloped state like Nigeria an of import measure towards suicide bar will be to cut down the stigma associated with mental wellness jobs. A reappraisal of the state ‘s Mental Health Policy and Legislation, to comprehensively turn to the current challenges of mental upsets, and their complications, including self-destruction and self-destructive behavior is long delinquent. These attempts should besides take for the decriminalisation of self-destructive behaviors in our Torahs. These stairss will be meaningless, if our wellness records and describing systems are non reformed to include mortality rates and the certification of the causes of deceases. This should assist in determining the self-destruction rates in the state, and supply a platform for utile planning and the execution of suicide bar schemes. Focused research in this country should be promoted, particularly with regard to placing hazard factors, get bying mechanisms, protective factors and possible intercessions to minimise the calamity of self-destruction and self-destructive behavior in this environmentDecisionIn this work, the writers have demonstrated that self-destruction and suicidal behavior are a public wellness issue, merely like in other states of the universe. Like in other parts of the development universe merely a modest volume of research has been conducted on the topic in Nigeria, reflecting the deficiency of involvement of clinicians, research workers, policy shapers and, possibl y, research grant suppliers on the topic. For better self-destruction research which should ensue in better bar schemes, it is imperative that self-destruction be decriminalized. Cultural and spiritual factors forestalling people from describing and stigmatising self-destruction should besides be addressed through public enlightenment runs. An betterment in the mortality records, that besides specifies the causes of decease should be ensured at all degrees of attention. It might besides be helpful if the WHO could leverage on member states to roll up and supply one-year self-destruction rates in their legal powers. Finally, self-destruction is a public wellness job that requires a multidisciplinary attempt at question, bar and direction. The earlier this is realized in the Nigerian context, the better for our emerging mental wellness attention..

Health disparities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Health disparities - Essay Example This research paper â€Å"Health disparities† examines the health issues in the modern day context. One of the important findings that can be observed from the article that the prevalence of health disparity in the form of osteoporosis is quite high amid the women belonging to Switzerland and is anticipated to raise dramatically in future due to the significant factor of aging population. However, there are certain strategies or policy interventions that can be followed in order to deal with one of the imperative health disparity of osteoporosis. The strategies might include screening and assessing fracture risks relating to the health disparity of osteoporosis. Health disparities are often considered to be one of the critical issues in the modern day context. It is generally caused due to improper treatment of various individuals along with various discrepancies. It has been apparently observed relating to the article that the women in the US are largely suffering from the he alth disparities of BDM and osteoporosis at large. It can be stated that one of the major reasons for the occurrence of the previously mentioned health disparities is aging population that is mounting extensively in the US. Furthermore, smoking has also been identified as the other chief reason for creating such health disparities. Health disparities can be reduced with promotion of personal dignity along with responsibility of a person. They can also be improved through establishing effective communication. (Kutner, 2006). Moreover, the health disparities can be improved through maintaining the instructions prescribed by medical specialists. In this similar context, there are certain effective strategies that can enhance the health of the Swiss women who have been suffering with the critical health disparities like BDM and osteoporosis. One of the effective strategies for the population i.e. the Swiss women who are extremely suffering from BDM and osteoporosis is the intake of calc ium or vitamin, either in the form of diet or exercise. Apart from intake of calcium or vitamin, the population suffering from the aforementioned critical health disparities can also enhance their health through performing weight-bearing exercises (The Joint Commission, 2008). It can also be stated that the application of mammography-screening can also be used as an effective strategy in improving the health disparity of BDM and osteoporosis amid the population of Swiss women. This particular screening would lessen the aforementioned health disparities by conducting screening tests in the initial stage enabling the patients to keep fit (Lee, Mountain & Koenig, 2001). Addressing Similar Health Issues for Women Population The women population in the US facing health issues such as BDM and osteoporosis are required to experience certain significant treatments to keep themselves free from such critical health hazards. It can be affirmed that the patients suffering from osteoporosis and BDM are required to have proper treatment concerning their bones. The treatment regarding such health issues can be addressed in accordance with primary intervention. In this regard, relating to BDM, it can be addressed through conducting general screenings for lessening the risk of fractures. In the context of tertiary prevention, different aspects like mobility aiding,

Human Rights (answer question) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Rights (answer question) - Essay Example Bartolome presented a case that was meant to convince the Spanish authorities to permit him to try saving the remaining few Caribbean natives. This was achieved by an attempt to take them out of slavery and put them in sovereign towns (McGowen 260). Bartolome was greatly convinced that the slaughter and enslavement of the native populace was not only seen as a crime as defined by the church, but it was also a mortal sin. He often accompanied Ovando the Governor in his military trips and on one the trips he witnessed how the poor natives were being massacred. He also saw the appalling conditions the natives were kept. Bartolome asked for and managed to be given a section of Venezuelan main land for experiment which he wanted to demonstrated his believe on the issue that he was capable to appease the natives using religion and not weapons as it was the believe of Spanish (Sen 450) Question 2: Broader Implications of this finding Over many decades Bartolome incessantly propagated an ide ological ground that Indians held the right to their land and that the papal funding to Spain were meant for the soul conversion and not allocation of resources. Rising into a politically perceptive activist, Bartolome was in a position to influence a positive change including indemnifying the diplomatic entry into Guatemala by the Dominican Friars. He was thereafter, in 1544 named as Chiapas Bishop in Guatemala to be able to enforce the Emperor Charles New Laws that outlawed slavery and restricted the Indian ownership to a single generation (McGowen 265). This resulted to settlers objecting to the limits put in place and refused to follow the lead of the new Bishop. Casas was later forced to return to Spain because of his resistance to new laws by encomenderos and the conflict he faced with the Spanish settlers due to his pro Indian strategies and his activists religious positions. The work of Bartolome has been greatly uploaded by the advocates of human rights. He spent much of hi s remaining time in the Spanish courts where he had an enormous pressure over the Indians associated concerns. Bartolome took part in Valladolid debate where Juan Gines argued that Indians were less compared to human and therefore, needed the Spanish masters in order to make them civilized. On the other hand, Bartolome maintained his stand that Indies were completely human and that vanquishing them forcefully was unjustifiable. Casas was in the front line championing the Mexico and the Central American Indians, disagreeing with a held belief that Indians were beast the reason as to why they were enslaved. In his defense for the native Indian people, he held far-reaching implications for the strategies taken on by both the church and the Spanish Crown towards the state of slavery. This cautiously, but in an emotional manner changed the defense addresses concerns that included relationships between the differing cultures and races, the perception of colonialism and the notion of a jus t war (Sen 455). Question 3 Arendt was an academic Jewish who had fled from Germany to France and arrived in States in 1941 accompanied by his husband and her mother with illegal visas that they were given by Hiram, a US diplomat. Making an assumption of a society such as Germany’s Weimar republic , the united states or the France third

Information Security and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Information Security and Ethics - Essay Example Professional ethics plays crucial role in helping information security professional to execute their duty. However, to ensure maximum information security, organizations need to institute relevant legislations to guard against information security breach. This paper explores policies and procedure that organizations should implement to secure their confidential information. It is crucial that security forms an integral part of organizational culture. Protecting the firm from possible information security breach should be a major focus of the company’s operational process. To achieve this, security policies or e-policies provide the fundamental framework for an organization to beef security over its crucial information. Security policies are regulations that outline how organizational information are supposed to be used in executing daily organizational tasks and also dictate who is authorized to access what information. What Are Security Policies or e-policies? A security poli cy can be referred to as a document that gives guidelines on how an organization intends to protect its physical as well as information technology assets. According to Ciampa (2010), a security policy refers to â€Å"a document that outlines the protections that should be enacted to ensure the organization’s assets face minimal risks.†An organization’s security policy is usually referred to as a living document because it is continuously upgraded to meet emerging organizational challenges in the face of organizational change and evolving employee requirements. The security policy of an organization usually reflects on policy implementation requirements and possible corrections in case loopholes are detected (Ciampa, 2010). Recommended Information Security Policies for Organizations Control over Access to Computer Rooms In order to ensure high level security for crucial organizational information, computer rooms should be kept under lock and key at all times. Com puter rooms should have doors fitted strongly and manned by security officers at all times. In addition to locking computer rooms, there should be security officers deployed to man the doors to main information areas. Only authorized personnel should access such rooms through user authentication process. Use of Passwords and Authentication Procedures The organization should have documented guidelines to control access over its crucial information areas. All computers in the organization should have passwords in relation to security demands. These guidelines need to be assessed on regular intervals. The guidelines should have password requirement and control the storage of such passwords. All users of information accessing information system of the company must be authenticated. Individuals who are authorized to access company information should have unique blend of usernames and passwords to bar unauthorized personnel or external intruders from gaining easy access to the organizatio n’s private information. Information users are held responsible for the usage of their passwords and usernames, which they should keep secret unless called upon by the chief security officer to disclose such passwords and usernames. Data Encryption Policy The second policy that an organization can establish to protect its valuable information is data encryption. In recent times, there have been numerous

Macroeconomic Objectives and Problems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Macroeconomic Objectives and Problems - Essay Example During this period it was clear that UK has been relying on ever-increasing levels of debt from booth private and public sectors. Macroeconomic situation during from this period has been characterized with instability in economic growth as well as high inflation rates, which have caused a reduction in real incomes (HM Treasury, 2012). Due to increased inflation rates, UK’s macroeconomic situation has exhibited weakening recovery of the economy. Inflation as identified is attributed to the 40% rise in the oil prices. In addition, there has been increasing instability and uncertainty resulting from euro area crisis, which has so far resulted into reduced confidence amongst households and firms (HM Treasury, 2012). Consequently, this has continued to worsen the macroeconomic situation within the UK. Even though there have been serious adverse effects of the 2008-2009 financial crisis, UK’s economy grew by approximately 0.8% in 2011 (HM Treasury, 2012). With manufacturing o utput growing by 2.0%, the overall GDP unfortunately fell by approximately 0.2% in 2011 thereby indicating instability in the macroeconomic growth (HM Treasury, 2012). ... (pp. 8-15) what is the concept of "fiscal sustainability" and why is it important in the budget strategy? (pp. 7-9) how effective are current policies likely to be? (pp. 18-21) In order to attain the four main objectives of macroeconomic, full employment, stable economic growth, favorable balance of payments, as well as stability in general prices, the UK government develop various strategies. Some of the current macroeconomic strategies developed include (HM Treasury, 2012): Strategies for making public finances attain a sustainable position in addition to developing fiscal targets for the government. This strategy is to ensure that other than stability within the public finances, UK’s economy will have fiscal policies that are credible enough to provide or caution against low long-term interest rates. Activating monetary policies within the economy in order to meet inflation targets whiles also enhancing availability of credit to various individuals and business entities tha t amy wish to privately engage in investment. Carrying out reforms within the financial sector. Such reforms are aimed at building resilience of the financial system whilst ensuring that there is reduced risk to the taxpayers within the economy. Strategically reforming tax in order to make the economy a competitive place that attracts business entities. With such attraction, UK will have more business entities creating more employment opportunities in a bid to attaining full employment macroeconomic objective. Rebalancing and strengthening UK’s economy for future purposes thorough The Plab for Growth. This will include a more lucrative package for investment meant to not only boost economic growth but employment status of the nation. 3. What were the main fiscal measures

Arroyo Fresco Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Arroyo Fresco Study - Essay Example This case study response assesses the Arroyo Fresco Community Health Clinic’s strategy under the Baldrige National Quality Program criteria and proposes new strategies to assist the organization in meeting their performance excellence goals. Arroyo Fresco (AF) is a nonprofit Community Health Center (CHC) serving Western Arizona from 11 clinics and 4 mobile service vans. AF serves three counties- Yuma, Mojave, and La Paz in a service area of over 23,000 square miles, but with a population of fewer than 400,000 people. Arroyo Fresco’s stated mission is to provide residents of Yuma, Lap Paz, and Mojave counties easy and timely access to high-quality and safe health care services; responsive to their diverse cultural and socioeconomic needs, regardless of their ability to pay (AF Case Study). In general, AF’s senior leaders have implemented a focus on results that created value through the development of the FOCUS (Financial Performance, Organizational Learning, Clinical Excellence, Utilization, and Satisfaction) framework, which allows the organization to address key strategic challenges and align its efforts on key areas to maximize the use of limited resources (nist.gov). AF demonstrated favorable performance levels in key results areas, including some clinical outcome measures that show favorable trends for the past four to five years (nist.gov) but there are several areas with opportunities for improvement. Under the Baldrige criteria, health care performance excellence is embodied in seven categories – leadership; strategic planning; customer focus; measurement, analysis, and knowledge management; workforce focus; process management; and results. values (VMV) is not clearly articulated in their strategy, particularly how this is conveyed to patients, other customers, and suppliers. There does not appear to be a well-defined approach for senior leaders to empower and motivate all staff and

Marketing Fundamentals and Enviroment Coursework

Marketing Fundamentals and Enviroment - Coursework Example The more the communication is done better result would be. The good result is, of course, the desire of every marketing personal. Communication is the act of influencing and inducing others to act in the manner intended. Sharing of ideas with others is basically communication. Thus, we could simply say that normally there is a duration of the time period for a particular organization/brand to simply be identified in a particular market. For all this, there are certain factors that should be followed in order to be successful. (DiMaggio, n.p, 2001) Time utilization is one of the most essential elements in the promotion of any organization/brand. If the allocation of proper time is done and every specific factor is taken under consideration then the desired result could easily be achieved in less time period. An excellent example of a very successful brand is 'mother care'. This specific brand by the name of 'mother care' is a unique collection of all the items of children wear, as well as furniture, stationery, toy and much more. This brand has got a very good collection of everything that a child basically requires and at a reasonable price. It is due to this reason, that people like shopping in 'mother care'. One of the other reason is that ' mother care' have got their outlet basically in all the countries of the world, no matter where you go and if you would like to buy their product you can easily get it anywhere in the world. It is very much true that these organizations/brands do have to face a lot of challenges in the market, their unique collection of stock. Let, we take 'levis'. This brand is famous for its good quality of products. These products are durable, comfortable and good to wear; especially the youth of today really likes this brand.  Ã‚  

Why Do People Lie Essay Example for Free

Why Do People Lie Essay 1. To hide information Anything or any relationship that can be labeled comes with a set of expectations. Whether you are a teacher, student, husband, wife, CEO, manager, son, daughter, friend and so forth, anyone at all, living in the society, you are expected to behave in a certain manner. When you traverse the boundaries, you are suddenly out there in the open, unprotected and vulnerable. You have to protect yourself now, you have to safeguard the expectations and save your relationship. If you hide the information, if no one gets to know you crossed the line, if you are perceived to be within the bounds, treading only the thoroughfare, you continue to be a functional artefact of the social apparatus. It leads to a temporary sense of peace, a sense of match, of fitting in the society. You just bought yourself time, you did not have to put up with the arguments that might have taken place had you shared the truth. You did not have to hurt the sentiments or trust of the other person by covering up your truth. This is the foremost cause of lying. People lie because they want to avoid confrontation and conflict. Lying becomes the easier route. 2. A matter of habit Often pursuing the first one, that is, hiding information, one gets into the habit of lying. When you repeatedly do the same thing over and over again, it becomes your habit. Perfection, carelessness, lack of detail or attention to detail etcetera are all habits as are telling the truth and lying. The habit of lying is formed, like many other habits, right from the childhood. Why? It must trace back to certain incidents during their early years or the atmosphere at home where speaking truth mostly ended up in an unpleasant conflict and undue scolding. When parents start to behave like kids too, it gives their children a strong reason to lie. By lying, they feel safe. However, this becomes their habit, their coping mechanism, their strategy to put up with all undesirable situations later on in their own lives. Unfortunate. It is incredibly hard to break the habit of lying. Like many other habits of smoking, drinking, punctuality and so on, children also pick up lying from their parents, other elders and peers. If you lie frequently, do not be harsh on your children expecting them to tell the truth. They will not follow what you tell them to do, they will follow what you do yourself. In other words, they do not learn from your instructions but actions. If this is how they see you living, it is but natural that they will follow suit. When lying becomes a habit, it leads to one of the two outcomes, and both are not mutually exclusive: the liar becomes fidgety with a wavering mind, or, they become aggressive with a depressed mind. Constant lying puts a tremendous burden on them to remember, to protect information, to bear the load of false information, to live the false identity. Over time, impatience, aggression, withdrawal, artificiality, depression, self doubt, low self-esteem, insecurity and the rest find a permanent home in the mind of a liar. 3. To gain attention This third reason comes with a powerful revelation. It can help one gain attention, respect, power. When someone lies to you about an incident where he was the only witness, he now has access to information that no one else does. He has just created a new truth. Exclusive information naturally leads to greater power and more attention. It was not just greed that triggered the greatest corporate scandals in the world, it was also about an inherent, an innate, an obtuse sense of gaining more power and control. I remember reading stories of a certain hunter during my childhood. This hunter would come to the village and make up stories on how he gallantly killed a lion with his fists alone, or courageously wasted a bear with just a small knife and so forth. All the villagers would gather around him to listen to his fascinating, if not fantastical, accounts of valor and bravery. He got attention and respect. If this formula works for the liar, he continues to lie till eternity. There are some who live a life of lies, there are many who justify their lies, it is even possible for some to protect their lies, however, it comes at the cost of their inner peace. They may not lose relationships or respect, they will, sooner or later, be robbed of their inner peace, however. So, if you want your partner, your child, or your friend to tell you the truth, if that is important to you, you had better encourage an atmosphere conducive to truth. If you are going to pounce upon hearing a confession, that may well be the last time you will ever hear a truthful version. It is for this reason, forgiveness is considered a divine virtue. Because by forgiving not only are you strengthening yourself and your relationship but also making a difference to the life of the other person and subsequent generations. Next time you feel like reacting to someones lie, just take a moment and look within you. A realization may dawn and you may find it easy to forgive the other person. On the other hand, if you are the one telling lies, just remember the price is paid in peace and bliss. Truth is bold by nature, and lie, arrogant. The former instills courage, the latter, fear. Truth stems from inner strength, and lie, from the inability to gain such strength.

Learning Difficulties Encountered By Efl Students English Language Essay

Learning Difficulties Encountered By Efl Students English Language Essay Recently, listening has gained more and more attention in foreign language learning. In learning a foreign language, it is suggested that the most important step should begin with an effort to listen. (Rubin Thompson, 1994) Listening provides input for learners to make learning occur and listening exercises draw learners attention to new forms in language, such as new vocabulary items. (Rost, 1994) Listening can be regarded as a necessary skill in the diagnosing and preparation of foreign language students and can even be served as a good predictor of language achievement. In consequence, listening comprehension acts as a pivotal role in foreign language learning. (Oxford, 1993) In this essay, three issues are discussed. Issue 1 states listening difficulties in second language acquisition. Underwood (1994), Chiang and Dunkel (1992) and Rubin and Thompson (1994)s viewpoint are discussed. Issue 2 proposes taxonomies of the factors affecting listening difficulties. Boyle (1984), Yagang (1993) and Rubin (1994) s point of view of the factors affecting listening comprehension are referred to. Issue 3 mentions studies in listening difficulties of L2 listeners in foreign countries. Tauroza and Allisons (Rubin, 1994) study is about speech rate. Boyle (1984)s study is factors most frequently mentioned in listening comprehension. Lynch (1997)s study is a case study of a intermediate-level learners progress in listening comprehension. Goh (2000)s study discusses listening comprehension problems. BODY Chapter 1 Listening difficulties in second language acquisition Underwoods (1994) point of view ¼Ã… ¸ Underwood (1994) identified seven potential difficulties in listening comprehension as: (1) lack of control over the speed at which speakers speak, (2) not being able to get things repeated, (3) the listeners limited vocabulary, (4) failure to recognize the signals, (5) problems of interpretation, (6) inability to concentrate, (7) established learning habits. Many language learners believe that the greatest difficulty with listening comprehension is that the listener cannot control how quickly a speaker speaks. (p7) They feel that the utterances disappear before they can sort them out. http://nccuir.lib.nccu.edu.tw/bitstream/140.119/33414/7/95100307.pdf They are so busy working out the meaning of one part of what they hear that they miss the next part. Another difficulty is that listener is not always in a position to get the speaker to repeat an utterance. This is particularly likely to be the case when students are on the edge of conversation outside the classroom. For people listening to a foreign language, an unknown word can be like a suddenly dropped barrier causing them to stop and think about the meaning of the word and thus making them miss the next part of the speech (p 17). And students need to learn to listen for the signals in order to be able to connect the various utterances in the way the speaker intended them to be connected. (p18) Students who are unfamiliar with the context may have considerable difficulty in interpreting the words they hear even if they can understand their surface meaning. (p19). Inability to concentrate can be caused by a number of things, but in listening work it is a major problem, because ev en the shortest break in attention can seriously impair comprehension. (p19) Outside factors may well make concentration difficult, too. An inferior machine or poor recording can make it very hard for the students. As for establishing leaning habits, when the learner can more readily accept the frustrations involved, he will be more prepared to strive for a partial and incomplete understanding of what is being said. (pp16-19) Rubin and Thompsons (1994) point of view Rubin and Thompson list three common problems in learning to listen to a foreign language. The first problem is that the speaker talks too fast. If the listener can not follow the speaker, the listener can let the speaker know that he is not following. He can ask for repetition and slowing down the speed, seeks clarification, rephrase, and repeat. The listener can pay attention to intonation and tone of voice, focus on question words such as who, what and when and assume that the here and now are relevant. That is, the sentence is directly related to the subject they have just been discussing. Assume that what a person says is directly related to something he or she is experiencing at that very minute. The second problem is that the listener is not getting anything out of foreign language TV and movies. If the listener could not understand the foreign language TV and movies, they should try to take control of his listening by predicting what he was likely to hear. For example, use vi sual clues and use his background knowledge. Anticipate information in a segment by relying on your knowledge of what such a segment is likely to contain. Listeners could also use information from the segment itself and determine the genre of the segment. Knowing the genre of a segment will help you determine how best to approach it. For instance, if it is an interview, then concentrate on the questions. If it is a news report, a who, when, where strategy will work best. If it is a drama, look for the story line. Listeners could listen to familiar elements, listen to familiar-sounding words, listen to and jot down repeated words, learn to recognize numbers and learn to recognize proper names. The third problem is that the listener tends to stop listening when he hears an unfamiliar word or phrase. Many learners, particularly in the early stages of language learning, panic and lose their concentration when they hear an unfamiliar segment. As a result, they miss portions of the passag e that might have helped clarify the unfamiliar word or segment. The listener should concentrate on familiar elements and keep listening. Understanding something is better than getting nothing at all. If you continue listening, chances are that you will comprehend at least some parts of the massage. It is possible that the portions you missed were not very important after all. Chiang and Dunkels (1992) point of view Chiang and Dunkel (1992) pointed out that listeners comprehension in English may be thwarted by a number of cognitive and linguistic factors as well as academic and cultural issues, including: (a) inability or lack of opportunity to engage in communicative interaction with the second/foreign language teacher or lecture; (b) inability to detect the main points of the lecture or to grasp the usual goals of particular genres of discourse situation of which the discourse is a part; (c) unfamiliarity with the structure and type of the discourse ; (d) inability to apprehend discourse markers and logical relationships in the English lecture; (e) inability to comprehend lecture speech delivered at faster rates of speed; (f) limited short-term memory for English input; (g) failure to use appropriate cognitive or learning strategies; (h) poor inference abilities in English; (i) limited proficiency in English; (j) lack of prior knowledge about the content of the spoken or written text; and (k) inability to process L2 input devoid of speech modification such as elaborations or redundancies. Of these difficulties confronting L2 learners, Chiang and Dunkel explored the effect of three of them. The first situation was when the listeners had limited listening proficiency in English, the second situation was when they lacked prior knowledge about the topic of the L2 lecture, and the third situation was when they were not supplied with modified speech. The results revealed a significant interaction between prior knowledge and text type. Chapter 2 Taxonomy of the factors affecting L2 listening difficulties Boyles (1984) three categories of factors Boyle (1984) began with a survey of the factors most frequently mentioned in the literature on listening comprehension, including three categories of factors. The first category referred to the listener factors, including experience in listening to the target language, general background knowledge of the world, educational background and type of school, knowledge of the target language in its various aspects, memory, powers of analysis and selection and motivation and attitude of the listener to the speaker and to the message. The second categories, the speaker factors, contain language ability of the speaker: native speaker-beginning level non-native speaker. Speakers production: pronunciation, accent, variation, voice affect, too. Speed of delivery and prestige and personality of the speaker count. The third category, factors in the material and medium, comprise difficulty of content and concept, especially if the material is abstract, abstruse, highly specialized or technical, len gthy or poorly organized. Acoustic environment such as noise and interference and amount of support provided by gestures, visuals also have influence on listening comprehension. Yagangs (1993) four aspects of factors http://eca.state.gov/forum/vols/vol31/no1/p16.htm Instead of three categories, Yagang (1993) proposed that the sources of listening difficulties came mainly from the four aspects: the message, the speaker, the listener, and the physical setting. The message factors comprised content and linguistic features. In content which is not well organized, listeners cannot predict what speakers are going to say. And if listening materials are made up of everyday conversation, they may contain a lot of colloquial expressions, such as guy for man. Students who have been exposed mainly to formal or bookish English may not be familiar with these expressions. The speaker factors consists of redundant utterances, such as repetitions, false starts, re-phrasings, self-corrections, elaborations, tautologies, apparently meaningless addition such as I mean or you know and speakers personal factors such as their accents. Learners tend to be used to their teaching accent or to the standard variety of British or American English. They find it hard to und erstand speakers with other accents. The listener factors played a more important role in EFL students listening. For example, foreign language students might be not familiar enough with clichà © and collocations in English to predict a missing word or phrase. For example, they can not be expected to know that rosy often collocates with cheeks. EFL students might be lack of sociocultural, factual, and contextual knowledge of the target language.   (Anderson and Lynch 1988).It can present an obstacle to comprehension because language is used to express its culture. Factors in physical setting included noise, both background noises on the recording and environmental noises, could carry the listeners mind of the content of the listening passage. Listening material on tape or radio lacks visual and aural environmental clues. Not seeing the speakers body language and facial expressions makes it more difficult for the listener to understand the speakers meaning. Unclear sounds resultin g from poor quality equipment can interfere with the listeners comprehension. Rubins (1994) five categories of factors Rubin (1994) classified these listening factors into five categories: text, interlocutor, task, listener and process characteristics. Text characteristics referred to acoustic-temporal variables, acoustic-other variables and morphological and syntactic modifications (including restatements). Acoustic-temporal variables are speech rate, pause phenomena, and hesitation. Acoustic-other variables are level of perception, stress and rhythmic patterning perception and L1 and L2 differences. Variables of morphological and syntactic modifications are redundancy, morphological complexity, word order and discourse markers. Text characteristics referred to text type. Visual support for texts is also an important variable. Interlocutor characteristics referred to variations in the speakers personal characteristics, such as gender, pronunciation, accent, expertness and so on. Listener characteristics are listeners language proficiency level, memory, attention, affect, age, gender, learning disabi lities in L1, and background knowledge as well as aptitude, processing skills, background biases, motivation, and confidence level. Process characteristics referred to how listeners interpret input in terms of what they know or identify what they dont know. Top-down, bottom-up and parallel processing is being examined in L2 contexts. Current views of listening comprehension propose that listeners actively process language input. Two types of processing have been discerned: cognitive strategies and metacognitive strategies. Research on listening strategies includes: work on several languages; work contrasting strategy use at several proficiency levels; work with interactive or transactional listening; work with cognitive and metacognitive strategies; work considering the relation of strategy use to text, task, and setting. Chapter 3 Studies in listening difficulties of L2 listeners in foreign countries Tauroza and Allisons ( )studyspeech rate Griffiths suggests that different language have different normal rates and the rates defined in studies using English can not be applied exactly to studies of other languages. Most research quotes a normal speech rate of 165 to 180 words per minutes for native speakers of English. On the other hand, while Foulke reports a threshold (the rate at which comprehension begins to decrease rapidly) level between 250-275 w.p.m., others states that comprehension decreases as a function of mental aptitude and difficulty level. Tauroza and Allison compare normal speed of British speakers for four types of speech. They found that while the mean for radio and interview speech events lies within the range of 160 to 190 w.p.m., the means for conversation and lecture categories are outside this range. The mean rate for conversation in words per minute was 210, while for lectures, 140. They note further that thirty-three percent of their lecture data was slower than 130 w.p.m. and twenty-three percen t of the conversation data was faster than 220 w.p.m. The issue of normal speech rate is one that still needs a great deal more research that takes into account all of the variables mentioned above. (Rubin, 1994) Boyles (1984) study-factors most frequently mentioned in listening In Boyles (1984) study, 30 teachers and 60 students in Hong Kong were asked to list the six factors which they considered the most important in aiding or hampering the effectiveness of listening comprehension. It was interesting to know that the students gave much more importance to vocabulary than teachers did. It was surprising that the students mentioned two factors, memory and concentration, barely mentioned by the teachers. In addition, the students considered that there was a possible relationship between their reading habits and their listening comprehension, which was not mentioned by the teachers. On the other hand, the teacher seemed to specify the linguistic factors more sophisticatedly. The teacher would specify the factors as ability to pick up clues, complex syntactical structures, stress and intonation and interference from Chinese. On the contrary, the students just indicated that the lack of general language ability or the difficulties in English listening comprehens ion. Lynchs (1997) study-a case study of an intermediate-level learners progress Lynch (1997) conducted an ethnographic study of a Japanese student who attended English language courses at the Institute for Applied Language Studies, the only one taking an undergraduate course in economics at the University of Edinburgh. His scores on the listening tests were relatively low in comparison with his reading and grammar scores with the other students in class. A number of possible reasons were found to explain his difficulties in listening comprehension. First, he was the youngest member in his class so that he was unwilling to engage in negotiation with his seniors. Second, he was the only undergraduate student with an economic background in his English class so that he viewed himself as insufficient in some general background knowledge. Third, he joined Course 3 in the EAP program, skipping the basic class, Course 1 and 2. Therefore, he thought he needed more time to get used to negotiate with others in English. Fourth, his lowest listening score disappointed him gr eatly. The perceptions of the subject had made a substantial influence on his English learning. Gohs (2000) study-listening comprehension problems Goh (2000) investigated the comprehension problems of second language listeners in a cognitive perspective. She identified real-time listening difficulties faced by 40 Chinese undergraduates and examined their difficulties within the three-phase model of language comprehension proposed by Anderson. (1995). The data were collected from learners self-reports in their diaries, semi-structure interviews and immediate retrospective verbalizations. The data revealed 10 problems that occurred during the cognitive process phases of perception, parsing, and utilization. She also, made a comprehension between two groups, high ability listeners and low ability listeners. Each group consisted of eight students selected according to their grades in a post-instruction standardized proficiency test, the SLEP test of Educational Testing Service 1991. She found that listeners with highly ability and low ability both had a perception problem with recognizing words they knew. Another problem they both shared was parsing problem that they quickly forgot what they thought they had understood. In addition to these two problems, high ability listeners reported a utilization problem that they were often unable to extract the meaning out of the message even if they had understood all the words. On the other hand, low ability listeners reported another perception problem that they often did not hear the next part of a text because they spent too much time thinking about what they had just heard.

Health or Wealth :: essays papers

Health or Wealth Market forces, in my belief, have always shaped the relationship between humans and their environment, and I have found it a daunting task to consider the history of such a long and complicated relationship. In all truth, market forces can be considered as anything that drives our means of consumption and our economy as a whole, and from this point of view, they can be seen as existing in some way since the dawn of time. So, instead of starting at the beginning, I will instead focus on the relationship between humans and nature from the start of what I see as the beginning of the end. The capitalist economy’s history, when viewed in light of mans entire existence, has been rather short and in that span of time, it has managed to catapult much of the world into a very new and destructive relationship with the Earths natural resources. While the changes that capitalism has brought about have been slow to evolve, it is a system that has deeply altered much more than the marketplace and which has forever changed the world. In this paper, I intend to demonstrate how the core concepts of the capitalist economy have lead the world into ecological disaster. There are many structures on which capitalism is built and a few of the most core principles are the ones that are most destructive. The tenets of individualism, efficiency, profit maximization and consumerism can be found at the heart of many of the most damaging practices of today’s world. Since they are main pillars of the capitalist marketplace, they are very pervasive and have become widespread, standard practices and ways of thinking. Individualism it is a new development in our social structure and one that has left a very deep impression. While capitalism did not spring up overnight, the period of it’s development is not relevant to this analysis, so I shall consider capitalism from some hypothetical starting point. Up until this starting point, the community was the central unit of sociological structure. Families and communities were tightly knit and gave support to one another. This type of lifestyle provided an accurate sense about how one person’s actions affect everything around them and the relationship that humans had with their environment reflected this awareness.

Marketing :: essays research papers

Hewlett-Packard/Compaq Merger   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 2002, the (HP/Compaq) merger announcement was made by Hewlett-Packard CEO Carly Fiorina and Compaq head Michael D. Capellas. If in fact the merger goes through, it would be the largest merger in the computer industry history. Some may ask why this merger was so important to these companies. The truth of the matter is that both of these companies feel that this merger will benefit their company not only at the present time but in the future also. Along with a huge merger like this one, there are some pros and cons that affiliate with a huge merger like this one. According to a reference article these are some of the reasons why some may support the merger and some reasons why some may oppose the merger: Why to support the merger: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The new HP will become the market leader in servers, storage, management software, printing and imaging, and PCs, improving our ability to offer the end-to-end solutions customers demand. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We will double our profitable and growing services business, enhance our R&D efforts, and extend our customer reach in 160 countries. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We will achieve annual cost savings of $2.5 billion, adding $5 to $9 in present value to each HP share; and increase earnings per share by 13% during the first year following the merger. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By improving profitability in enterprise computing systems, in PCs and access devices, and in IT services, we will have the financial strength to extend our successful imaging and printing franchise into new multi-billion dollar categories like digital imaging and digital publishing. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The closer you look, the more you will see that the merger of HP and Compaq is the single best way to strengthen our businesses and improve our market position, deliver more of what our customers need, enhance opportunities for our employees, and increase the value of your investment. Why to oppose the merger: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Acquiring market share does not translate to leadership, i.e., demonstrated better business model, technology innovation or success at winning business from competitors. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Admission of no new significant technology/capabilities added to HP's portfolio. Significant overlap creates cost synergies which are offset by revenue losses from rationalized products and services †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Large stock transactions statistically more risky. Upon announcement of the proposed merger, Moody's downgraded HP's debt rating and put it on negative watch, S&P has also put HP on negative outlook †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Bigger, but in an unattractive business, commodity computing. Hardware as diminishing economies of scale and HP and Compaq already has significant scale.

Chronology of the Holocaust Essay -- Essays Papers

The holocaust was a bleak and unrecoverable part of the history of the twentieth century that will always be remembered. Millions died for no reason except for one man’s madness. Although many people know why this war happened many don’t know when and what events lead up to this: the way Hitler came into power, or when the first concentration camp was established, and what city it was in, why Jews were hated so much by Hitler, and why the rest of the country also hated them as well as, and what the chronology of the Holocaust. These are some of the things I will explain in my paper. In 1933 Hindenburg was the president of Germany. Having recovered form the First World War, Germany is on the rise once again. Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor of the Reich and he begins his propaganda techniques. One of the Nazi persecution techniques was the banning of all Jewish owned business, as well as, The opening of the first concentration camp, Dachau. No Jews were allowed to have jobs of state or country title, and one of the first book burning incidences occur on May 10th (Holocaust background info center). Also in 1933 Jews were deprived of there German citizenship and were considered refugees. By the end of 1933 the Nazi party had been established as the legal unity of the German State. With this established the Nazis were able to get away with basically what ever they wanted. All forms of persecution was thrown upon, not just the Jews, but many many other groups of people unlike those of the Nazi party. 1934 was a pretty uneventful year as far as numbers of important things. Only one really big thing happened in the history of the war that year, but it was an event to change all after it. On August 2 1934... ...ath. By 1944 Germany has occupied most of Europe and is killing the Jews in those Countries to. Many ghettos in Hungary and Vilna are destroyed with the people destroyed in them. On May 14 1944, almost 400,000 Jews are deported toAuschwitz to be killed. Luckily, many of these Jews were saved. Luckily for everybody, The war was finally over. Hopefully in these years to come there will not be another tragedy like this one. The genocide that occurred in World War II will hopefully never happen again. Hopefully, the war was explained well and thoroughly in this paper WORK CITED 1) Dawidowicz,Lucy S. The War Against the Jews,1993-1945 New York Bantam 1978 2) Unknown Author,The Holocaust in a Historical Perspective. Seattle University of Washington Press, 1978 3) Bauer Yehuda, A History of the Holocaust New York Franklin Watts, 1982

What is racism?

What is racism? Is there still racism going on in the United States and even outside the United States? These are two questions that are often asked and discussed across the world in classroom settings. The definition of racism is the belief that members of a certain race are accounted for differences in human characteristics. Also, discrimination or prejudice is based on race. People all over the world still are facing racism until this day especially the people of the African diaspora. Whether you are half black or full black if you are part of that â€Å"One Drop† rule you are going to face some type of racism. Racism is a problem throughout Africa, Brazil, and Canada, and the United States. Many people like Marcus Garvey and Malcolm X has been leaders of powerful organizations that have fought against racism. Africa, of course is the motherland of Africans in the diaspora. You wouldn’t imagine Africa facing racism, but yes they do just as African Americans in the US. There are some white South Africans who treat the black South Africans as if they are in the United States. One example is the movie Skin. In this movie a little girl was born to two white South African parents, but had the complexion of a black South African. When she was enrolled in private white school the teachers, students, and administration looked down on her as if she wasn’t white and born to white parents. Even though her skin tone was of black, she was still white. Although she attended court, the court appealed that she was black and not white, but of course her parents fought until they appealed that she was white. Also, in this movie her father would give black South Africans hard times especially when one wanted to date her daughter. Even though, she was declared white and her birth certificate said the same that didn’t change a thing when she went out into the real world she was still looked upon as black. Brazilians are part of the African Diaspora as well so they also go through a time of racism. In Brazil it’s more on a different level as far as who you would marry or have sex with. Brazilian men would go for the white women to marry, the mulatto women for sex, and the leave black women to work. Why is that? Why can’t the black women give the men the same as the white and mulatto women? Canadian blacks go through the racism stage also. Canadian black women undergo through a laboring problem. Even though these African immigrants have some the best skills and high educational backgrounds they are forced to engage in low-paying jobs. Now, in the United States some of these things happen in the U. S. also, and if not worst. Dating back in history racism has occurred with not only African-Americans, but also with Native Americans and even Latinos and Hispanics. The most common form of racism happened with African-Americans starting with slavery era. Once slavery ended, white Americans still treated blacks like blacks were still inferior. Also, they didn’t treat them equally and the fact that they weren’t slaves anymore. The way black South Africans, African Immigrants in Canada, and Afro-Brazilians were treated is a bit less tense than the way African-Americans were treated. The racism here in the U. S. was a lot tenser. Racism in the U. S. has been going on for eras and still is a problem. Certain areas more in particular the south, are still lynching, killing, and beating blacks just because the color of their skin. Another issue is gang violence. Blacks are fighting black on black just because the color they are wearing. Rodney King is one huge example of racism that has occurred in Black American history where he was nearly beaten to death by four white police officers. Rosa Parks the black woman who refused to sit in the back of the bus along with the other blacks was another example of racism. Many African-Americans came together and made organizations that could possibly contribute to America’s Society. Without these leaders or organizations black America would not be where it is today. Many African-Americans have been major leaders of organizations that have fought against racism. A few of these leaders were Malcolm X, Marcus Garvey, and his wife Amy Garvey. Marcus Garvey led the largest mass organization of black people ever until this day. The name of this is called Universal of Negro Improvement Association also known as UNIA. Malcolm X mother worked for Marcus Garvey. Malcolm X preached self-determination, â€Å"Black Nationalism† which he is saying â€Å"do for yourself. † Malcolm X was the founder of the OAAU, which is the Organization of Afro-American Unity. This organization is a Pan-Africanist organization whose purpose was to fight for human rights of African Americans. Malcolm was basically trying to â€Å"un-brainwash† blacks from the lies the white people have said about blacks and their culture. Amy Garvey which was Marcus Garvey’s wife followed him in his footsteps as he preached Pan-Africanism. She taught Pan-Africanism on a more womanly level to help with the women. Also, she encouraged women to educate themselves and perform as leaders in their community. She also believed that Pan-Africanism would empower women to confront racism, colonialism, and imperialism and to have a masculine dominance as well. Marcus Garvey, Amy Garvey, and Malcolm X have really given a lot of attributions and contributions to the African-American history. These leaders has really help shape the United States against racism and helped express their feelings on why black Americans should be respected the same. As far as racism, it will forever continue go on throughout the United States and also outside the United States. As a young person, I have yet to experience racism other than little white kids joking around. I hope that I won’t have to experience racism because this world is changing and I hope it changes to the better and not worst.

Overview Weaknesses And Strengths Of Globalization Economics Essay

Globalization can be defined in a assortment of ways since it is a really of import term as it influences the planetary economic systems. It can be defined as the motion toward communications, fiscal, economic, and trade integrating. Globalization entails opening out beyond chauvinistic and local positions to a wider mentality of an interdependent and interrelated universe through free transportation of goods, services, and capital over national frontiers. Globalization is a term that is often employed to put a tendency in the way of increased flow of thoughts, money, goods, and services across national boundary lines and the attendant consolidation of the planetary economic system ( Waters 2001, pg.36 ) . Globalization is closely related to international trade which can be defined as the exchange of goods, services, and capital across districts or national boundary line. The addition in the international trade enhances the continuation of globalisation. If there were no international trade, so seemingly states would non acquire entree to the assortment of goods and services produced in different states of the universe ( World Bank 2008, pg.56 ) . It has been found that globalisation does non affect unhampered labour motion, and as intimated by some economic experts, globalisation may ache fragile or smaller economic systems if practiced randomly. Globalization is by and large recognized as being goaded by a combination of technological, political, economic, biological and socio-cultural factors. From some other position, globalisation can mention to the transnational circulation of linguistic communications, popular civilization, or thoughts by socialization ( Tomlinson 1999, pg. 123 ) . This paper will supply an outstanding analysis of the failings and strengths the term globalisation. Strengths of globalisation Supporters of globalisation contend that globalisation can perchance break the universe economically by work outing many jobs which are deep-rooted for illustration poorness and unemployment. Harmonizing to the economic theory, increased globalisation will take down the pay of unskilled labour in developed states and raise the pay of unskilled labour within the developing states as the two groups start to merchandise with each other. Globalization generates resources and encourages the transportation of thoughts that can be utilized for both single and community betterment. Among many other things, globalisation makes rural economic variegation and agricultural productiveness additions more accomplishable. Globalization besides makes environmental stewardship, improved conditions of life, and nutrient security more come-at-able. Due to globalisation, the fringy can now acquire the chance to exhibit themselves in the universe market ( Bauman 1998, pg.121 ) . Globalization encourages the industrialised states to supply important market topographic points for exports of hapless persons within hapless states. The planetary agricultural and nutrient companies can help the 3rd universe states incorporate required safety, and quality patterns by acquiring entree to markets in developed states. Since globalisation means de-localization of assorted endeavors within the word, many people can acquire entree to many industries and in due class globalisation promotes economic growing in the planetary universe, brings about competition among companies, enables manufacturers and retail merchants to cut down the monetary values of assorted trade goods so that consumers can afford them and hence increases the demand on the trade goods. Because of the increased efficiency, the public assistance is raised by offering more low-cost goods and services such that the buying power is increased. Globalization reallocates capital and labour to more efficient and effectual lines of production. Globalization helps hapless states by extracts of engineering and foreign capital which enhances economic development. The economic development due to globalization brings modern ways of linking people, from roads to electricity to telecommunications. The planetary companies offer developing to employees and supply clip, money and endowment that helps them to turn to demands of the community, raising communal and single aspirations and supplying ways for carry throughing them. Since globalisation brings about spreading of prosperity, it enables assorted states to possess conditions in which regard for human right and democracy can boom ( Appadurai 1996, pg.65 ) . Globalization encourages the being of foreign direct investing. The foreign direct investing is a cardinal portion of an effectual and unfastened international economic system and it acts as a head means to development. States in passage, developing states and emerging economic systems have realized that foreign direct investing is the beginning of modernisation and economic development, employment and income growing. Many states have freed up their foreign direct investing governments and acted on other policies in order to pull investing. Foreign direct investing enhances a main beginning of capital that is accompanied with up-to-date engineering. It has been found that to bring forth this capital by domestic agencies is a hard undertaking, and even if there is a possibility to bring forth it locally, importing the indispensable engineering from abroad would still be a hard undertaking. This is because, the transportation of engineering to companies without anterior experience of how to utilize it, is expensive, hard, and hazard. Foreign direct investing signifiers many outwardnesss over along period of clip in the signifier of benefits bing to the full economic system. These comprise of upgrading the telecommunication services, constitution of trading and finance related webs, creative activity of modern accounting and direction methods, industrial upgrading, work experience necessary for labour force, and specific engineerings and general cognition in production and distribution. The foreign direct investing in services has a great influence on the fight of the host state as it raises the productiveness of capital hence enabling the host state to pull new capital on promoting footings. Foreign direct investing brings about the being of services that can be utilized as strategic inputs within the traditional export sector so that to spread out the volume of trade every bit good as to upgrade production through procedure and merchandise invention. Foreign direct investing finds its application in the economically underdeveloped states. For the 90s decennary, foreign direct investing was among the main external beginnings of support for many states that were sing growing in the economic position. Foreign direct investing has aided many states during the clip of economic adversities. For case, in some states of East Asia, it was seen that during the financial jobs of 1997 to 1998 the sum of foreign direct investing that was made in these states was moderately steady. Foreign direct investing promotes the creative activity of new employment chances in a given state, and it enhances the addition of wages for the workers. Due to this, many people have led better life styles and have obtained many important installations in life ( Featherstone et al. 1995, pg.76 ) . The biggest significance of globalisation in the planetary universe is the rise in competition, which has in bend benefited many states worldwide in footings of economic promotion. Competition has a positive influence both on the well being of consumers and on the economic system of a state as a whole. It has been seen that competition long pillows international fight and productiveness of the concern sector and every bit good it enhances economic growing and dynamic markets. Due to globalisation, the whole universe has become merely like a state merely because people are allowed to traverse the national frontiers into foreign states. The progress in engineering has besides encouraged a batch of interaction between different states of the universe. As most of the states in the planetary universe remain in touch with economic promotion in other states, they look for options to catch up with the advanced states therefore conveying about world-wide competition. Consumers have benefited a batch from completion as they obtain goods and service from their retail merchants and manufacturers at competitory monetary values. When the monetary values for goods and services in a given state are higher than those in the foreign states because of deficiency of competition between the markets, the houses well become less competitory and hence suffer within the market place. Competition besides is really of import in advancing efficiency and productiveness. It has been seen that, those companies faced with strong competition are persistently driven to go more productive and more efficient in the production. This is because they are cognizant that their rivals are persistently looking for ways to cut down the costs of production so as to derive a competitory advantage. Owing to the relentless force per unit area, the houses in competition guarantee that efficiency and betterments in productiveness are made so that they can non in their market place or even vaporize wholly. It is the procedure of terrible competition between challengers that drives companies to set more attempt in offering better services, quality goods, and lower monetary values. Competition has positive influence on invention. Innovation is really important to success in today ‘s universe which is engineering driven. Competition brings about force per unit area to different companies, promoting them to present new production techniques for new merchandises. Without the force per unit area, a state ‘s economic system will dawdle behind other states ‘ economic systems as a centre of invention hence losing international fight ( Michael & A ; Porter 1990, pg.120 ) . It has been seen that globalisation has got its strengths on the promotion of universe economic systems. Many states in the universe have experienced the positive effects of globalisation, for case poorness has been reduced to greatest extent, modern and new methods of production have been realized, a good figure of employment chances have been created, and most states have obtained the advanced modern engineering. In malice of all these benefits of globalisation, it has besides been found that globalisation has its ain negative impacts on universe economic systems. Globalization has encouraged spread of diseases, and has brought about loss of cultural individuality. Failings of globalisation Globalization has influenced exigency and spread of assorted infective diseases. This is because people are allowed to traverse the international frontiers and acquire into foreign states. The free motion of people, vectors, trade goods, nutrient, decision-making power, and capital, aboard planetary demographic tendencies, has brought about the incidence infective diseases in the topographic point of finish. The unprecedented velocity and volume of human mobility are the most blazing manifestation in today ‘s epoch of globalisation. The planetary population is seen to turn at an increased rate such that the societal and economic disparities between the hapless and rich states become intense. This has brought about increased figure of migrators as they search for employment chances to break the quality of their lives. Many demographists and political scientists have observed the 21st century as characterized by migrations. Migrant populations comprise the most susceptible group to emerging and reemerging catching diseases and have been seen as the major causal factor in the world-wide spread of such infective diseases such as the multi drug immune TB. The modern manners of transit that enable more merchandises and people to acquire to different topographic point in the universe at faster velocity have besides opened air passages for the motion of disease vectors from one continent to another. For case, mosquitoes can perchance traverse the seas and oceans by siting in the wheel Wellss of an aeroplane. The incidence of West Nile virus in New York City in the twelvemonth 1999 is a really good illustration of the disease that was availed in North America by vectors transported in aeroplane. Beyond this transit of disease vectors, there is grounds that planetary heating is doing the alterations in distribution of disease vectors worldwide and hence increasing the incidence rates of different tropical diseases like dandy fever and malaria. Global heating is caused by adult male ‘s activities like industrialisation which consequences into increased sum of nursery gases in the ambiance. Persons from rich states have invaded hapless and developing states with the purpose of set uping their houses most of which emit nursery gases into the ambiance. Therefore globalisation brings about the possibility of planetary heating in the universe. The demand for planetary nutrient market every bit good as the motion of nutrient from one state to another has besides been important for nutrient borne diseases. Global transit of nutrient has besides raised the concern on the issue of antibiotic opposition in adult male. The animate beings that produce nutrient merchandises like milk and eggs are normally administered with drugs to forestall diseases and increase production. However, these drugs have been found to do bugs to derive opposition against drugs that are used for human disease medicine. Therefore due to societal and economic interaction, incidences of many diseases have been caused ( Giddens 1990, pg.67 ) . Because of globalisation, people from different states throughout the universe have interacted and therefore their civilizations have been intermingled. The effect of different civilization coming together is to lose the cultural individuality. It is true that globalisation has brought about alterations which threaten the application of merchandises that are made locally. For case, the handiness of new foreign goods such as nutrients in market, which might even be cheaper cost wise, have displaced the local framers who from clip and once more have been gaining a life by selling their farm green goods locally. Apart from the increased handiness of foreign-made merchandises and break of local manufacturers, globalisation has besides increased international trade that trades with cultural goods and services, for case music, publication, and films. The other states are faced with troubles in exhibiting their local cultural goods and services that they have put their attempt to bring forth, to the planetary market and therefore are unable to vie with the foreign houses. The natural effect is that the local states are noteworthy to come in those countries of influence that are occupied by multinational houses of developed states. As the trade in cultural goods and services intensifies, most of the local societies get exposed to foreign civilizations. This exposure to foreign cultural merchandises encourages alterations in local traditions, civilizations, and values. No consensus on the effects of globalisation upon national civilizations, a figure of people feel that people ‘s contact with the foreign civilization can weaken their local cultural individuality ( Friedman 1994, pg.123 ) . Most of the civilizations are now utilizing the linguistic communication of the dominant civilizations since the foreign linguistic communications such as English is dispersed really fast through cyberspace and media ( Deng 2005, pg.40 ) . English is used more frequent as compared to local linguistic communications for person to show himself or herself. It is true that in today ‘s universe most people can non be able to make their people by usage of local common people vocals and local literature and hence the cultural individuality of the earlier coevals and that of today ‘s coevals is different wholly. The native vocals, narratives, narratives, and jubilations have been replaced with modern computing machine games that are produced in assorted continents, and hence an single becomes portion of the planetary and general civilization ( Featherstone 1996, pg.76 ) . Decision Globalization is a really of import term that can be defined in a assortment of ways, one of which is, the motion toward communications, fiscal, economic, and trade integrating. Globalization is besides seen to imply opening out beyond chauvinistic and local positions to a wider mentality of an interdependent and interrelated universe through free transportation of goods, services, and capital over national frontiers. It is closely related to international trade which can be defined as the exchange of goods, services, and capital across districts or national boundary line. The addition in the international trade enhances the continuation of globalisation. If there were no international trade, so seemingly states would non acquire entree to the assortment of goods and services produced in different states of the universe. Merely like many other issues, globalisation has got its ain strengths and failing to the planetary universe. It has been seen that globalisation has got its strengths on the promotion of universe economic systems. Many states in the universe have experienced the positive effects of globalisation, for case poorness has been reduced to greatest extent, modern and new methods of production have been realized, a good figure of employment chances have been created, and most states have obtained the advanced modern engineering among many other strengths. In malice of all these benefits of globalisation, it has besides been found that globalisation has its ain negative impacts on universe economic systems. Globalization has encouraged spread of diseases, and has brought about loss of cultural individuality among many other failings.